The Iron Triangle: Bureaucrats & Policy Makers

AP Government & Politics loves the topic of the iron triangle. That is, the relationship between executive departments/agencies, interest groups & lobbyists, and Congressional committees.

Watch these videos (I don't know why I couldn't get them embedded)

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2u3th3ixQes&list=PL0kBVa_Bm8E0ofjvVXsoP6O-W3PVxv0UT


http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=APd9N71klhM&list=PL0kBVa_Bm8E0ofjvVXsoP6O-W3PVxv0UT

Reforming the Bureaucracy

There have been various efforts to reform the bureaucracy in order to make it more efficient and less costly. These efforts include:
- Sunshine laws
     laws designed to create transparency within the agency
     Freedom if Information Act of 1966; Government in the Sunshine Act of 1976

- Sunset laws
    laws designed to review a program regularly for possible reforms and/or termination
    never adopted nationally but adopted in many states

- Privatization
    replacing government agencies/employees with that of private firms
    contracting out various government duties; offering vouchers instead of services

- Offering incentives for productivity and/or efficiency
    performance-based budgeting practices; requiring justification for programs
    e-government options
    Government Performance and Results Act of 1997

- Protecting whistleblowers
    establishing safe-guards for those who expose agency inefficiency or corruption
    Civil Service Reform Act of 1978; Whistle-Blower Protection Act of 1989
    Garcetti v Ceballos

Discussions on various problems with and solutions to traditional bureaucracies

   

Agencies of the Bureaucracy

These are independent organizations tasked with doing something on behalf of the government.
- Can only be created by an act of Congress
- Usually created for specialized tasks to complex or cumbersome to be legislated
- Congress retains oversight
- Agencies have quasi-legislative and quasi-judicial power

The text identifies 3 types of agencies
   - independent executive agencies
   - independent regulatory commissions
   - government corporations

See Figure 14-3 on p.488 and note all of the Executive Departments & Government Agencies

Okay, technically Education and Commerce are Executive Departments, not agencies. But still, a classic moment.

Independent Executive Agencies
- Similar to executive departments
- Not Cabinet level
- Administered by the executive branch; President appoints head of agency
- Congress retains oversight
- Example: NASA

Independent Regulatory Commission
- Created to help regulate some aspect of the economy
- Governed by board; members of board nominated by President (and ......)
- Board composition must be bipartisan
- Creates rules and enforces rules (judge, jury, and executioner)
- Examples: ICC (Interstate Commerce Commission), SEC (other SEC: Securities & Exchange Commission), FCC (Federal Communications Commission) 

Government Corporations
- Operate under traditional business model
- Differences: owned by government; service v profit
- Purpose: provide service to American people
- Examples: Amtrak, USPS


What is the Civil Service?
  the civilians who carry out the work of the federal government (i.e.-postal carrier)
Originally staffed by people friendly with the President (spoils system)
Reformed by the Pendleton Civil Service Act of 1883 (competitive hiring based on merit)
Even still, many top-level bureaucratic positions are political appointees

Bureaucracy & The Cabinet Departments

If it is associated with the federal government and has:
  - a formal structure
  - a division of labor
  - a set of rules/procedures by which it operates
then it is most likely a part of the bureaucracy.

3 models of bureaucracy
- Weberian model
   bureaucracies are rational, hierarchical organizations in which decisions are made based on logival reasoning
- Acquisitive model
    bureaucracies are led by people who seek to grow their budget and staff to gain greater power
- Monopolistic model
    bureaucracies lack competition, leading them be inefficient and costly operations




All organized under the Executive Branch
Employs about 2.7 million people
Top administrators are political appointees
Most other bureaucrats are knowledgeable/skilled employees



Executive Departments
Major units of administration and policy making
Headed by Secretary
Account for roughly 60% of all government employees (see Figure 14-1 on p.486)
Often smaller departments within each executive department
Only 3 departments to start with (State, Treasury, War)
New departments often created when issues became to big for Congress to legislate solutions
Currently 15 departments
Homeland Security is the most recent addition
Defense Department is largest Executive Department by far
     over 3 million employees and budget of $480 billion in 2008